Levels of Haematological Parameters in Normal Rats After Prolonged Exposure to Aqueous Extract of Dialium guineense Stem Bark
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background and objective: Dialium guineense is commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. However, there is limited information regarding its potential hematological toxicity upon prolonged use. This study aimed to evaluate whether long-term administration of aqueous extract of D. guineense (AEDG) stem bark has any effect on the haematological parameters of healthy rats.
Materials and methods: Ten male Wistar rats (150–180 g; mean weight = 165 ± 15 g) were randomly divided into two groups (n = 5 per group): control and observation. The observation group received 1000 mg/kg body weight of AEDG orally for 12 weeks. Haematological parameters were analyzed using a Swelab Autocounter 920E+ (UK). Statistical analysis was performed to compare values between groups, with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in red and white blood cell counts, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, or platelet levels between the control and treated groups after 12 weeks. These findings suggest that prolonged administration of AEDG stem bark at the tested dose does not adversely affect blood composition.
Conclusion: The aqueous extract of D. guineense stem bark appears hematologically safe in normal rats at 1000 mg/kg body weight for up to 12 weeks. Further studies are recommended to evaluate potential long-term effects and explore other systemic toxicities.
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Abu OD, et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Collen D, Lijnen HR. Basic and clinical aspects of fibrinolysis and thrombolysis. Blood. 1991 Dec 15;78(12):3114–24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V78.12.3114.3114
Weingand K, Bloom JC, Carakostas M, Hall R, Helfrich M, Latimer K, et al. Clinical pathology testing recommendations for nonclinical toxicity and safety studies. Toxicol Pathol. 1992 May-Jun;20(3):539–43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623392020003217
Kaushansky K. Lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factors. N Engl J Med. 2006 May 11;354(19):2034–45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra052706
Krupp P, Barnes P. Leponex-associated granulocytopenia: A review of the situation. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;99 Suppl:S118–21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00442575
Superling F. Introduction to Toxicity Evaluation Session. Environ Health Perspect. 1979 Dec;32:259. Available from: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.7932259
Walum E. Acute oral toxicity. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Feb;106(2):497–503. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106497
Sandoval M, Okuhama NN, Zhang XJ, Condezo LA, Lao J, Angeles FM, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) are independent of their alkaloid content. Phytomedicine. 2002 Jun;9(4):325–37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00117
Handa SS, Khanuja SPS, Longo G, Rakesh DD. Extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants. Trieste (Italy): International Centre for Science and High Technology; 2008. p. 21–5. Available from: https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2009-10/Extraction_technologies_for_medicinal_and_aromatic_plants_0.pdf
Bero J, Ganfon H, Jonville MC, Frederich M, Gbaguidi F, De MP, et al. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used in Benin in traditional medicine to treat malaria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 May 4;122(3):439–44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.004
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Obahiagbon O. Qualitative phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of Dialium guineense stem bark. IAR J Agric Res Life Sci. 2020;1(4):108–12. Available from: https://iarconsortium.org/iarjals/publications?author=99747#
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Obahiagbon O. Vitamin contents of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2020;30(2):23263–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2020.30.004929
Abu OD, Imafidon KE, Obayuwana HO, Onodje S. Quantitative phytochemical evaluation and phenolic contents of extracts of Citrullus lanatus seed. Int J Bioorg Chem Mol Biol. 2020;7(1):31–5. Available from: https://scidoc.org/articlepdfs/IJBCMB/IJBCMB-2332-2756-07-101.pdf
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Obahiagbon O. Alpha amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark. Int J Clin Biol Biochem. 2020;2(1):7–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33545/26646188.2020.v2.i2a.14
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Osemwenoyenmwen O. Alpha amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of isolated total saponins and tannins of Dialium guineense stem bark. J Cell Mol Biol Res. 2020;1(2):1–3. Available from: https://www.iomcworld.org/abstract/alpha-amylase-and-alpha-glucosidase-inhibitory-activities-of-isolated-total-saponins-and-tannins-of-dialium-guineense-st-55104.html
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO. Acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark. J Bioinnov. 2021;10(2):427–32. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.46344/JBINO.2021.v10i02.02
Abu OD, Imafidon KE, Obayuwana HO. Nephrotoxic and in vivo antioxidant effects of Citrullus lanatus seed extract. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2021;33(5):26281–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2021.33.005473
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ojo I. Determination of effective dose for ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark. J Med Res Case Rep. 2021;3(2):1–4. Available from: https://escientificpublishers.com/determination-of-effective-dose-for-ethanol-extract-of-dialium-guineense-stem-bark-JMRCR-03-0044
Abu OD, Orobator ON, Momodu IB. Investigation of the hepatoprotective effect of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark in Wistar rats exposed to CCl₄. J Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;4(2):123–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.36266/JCGHR/123
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO. Biochemical effect of aqueous extract of Dialium guineense stem bark on oxidative status of normal Wistar rats. Int J Clin Biol Biochem. 2019;1(2):15–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33545/26646188.2019.v1.i2a.10
Abu, O.D., Adeogun, E.F., and Ebhohon, S.O., 2019. Oral LD50 of total saponins and tannins isolated from Dialium guineense stem bark. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 9 (2): 11 – 13. https://french.primescholars.com/abstract/poral-ld50-of-total-saponins-and-tannins-isolated-from-dialium-guineense-stem-barkp-92274.html
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Obahiagbon O. In vitro antioxidant activities of isolated total saponins and tannins of Dialium guineense stem bark. IAR J Med Sci. 2020;1(4):193-9. Available from: https://www.iarconsortium.org/iarjms/161/2789/in-vitro-antioxidant-activities-of-isolated-total-saponins-and-tannins-of-dialium-guineense-stem-bark-115/None
Abu OD, Eromosele AI, Osarhenomase EG. Effect of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark on lipid profile and CCl?-induced histological changes in liver of Wistar rats. Int J Lipids. 2022;1(1):22-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2835-513X.ijl-22-4266
Abu OD, Imafidon KE, Iribhogbe ME. Biochemical effect of aqueous leaf extract of Icacina trichantha Oliv. on urea, creatinine, and kidney oxidative status in CCl?-induced Wistar rats. Niger J Life Sci. 2015;5(1):85-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.52417/njls.v5i1.211
Abu OD, Ezike TV, Ajuwa OI. Cardioprotective property of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark in rats exposed to CCl?. Am J Biomed Sci Res. 2022;16:689-93. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/AJBSR.2022.16.002296
Abu OD, Iyare HE, Ogboi KU. Cardiac oxidative status in CCl?-exposed rats treated with extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark. Glob J Sci Front Res. 2022;22(1):1-6. Available from: https://journalofscience.org/index.php/GJSFR/article/view/102574
Abu OD, Obaze GE, Egili S, Idehen IO. Ethanol extract of C. sativus modulates the activity of glucose 6-phosphatase/aminotransferases and levels of lipids in tissues of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2023;53(4):44989-94. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2023.53.008441
Abu OD, Okuo AV, Egili S, Idehen IO. Methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark may alter the activity of glucose 6-phosphatase/aminotransferases and levels of lipids in tissues of diabetic Wistar rats. Int J Res Sci Innov. 2023;10(12):523-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2023.1012040
Abu OD, Orobator ON, Momodu IB. Evaluation of the effect of total saponins and tannins isolated from Dialium guineense stem bark on CCl?-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Glob J Med Clin Case Rep. 2022;9(3):35-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-5282.000155
Abu OD, Iyare HE, Ogboi KU. Antioxidant property of total saponins and tannins of Dialium guineense stem bark in rats’ hearts exposed to CCl?. J Clin Epidemiol Toxicol. 2022;3(3):1-4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/JCET/2022(3)129
Abu OD, Umar AB, Ajuwa OI. Protective property of total saponins and tannins of Dialium guineense stem bark in CCl₄-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. World J Genet Mol Biol. 2022;1(1):1–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25198.08003
Abu OD, Umar AB, Eiremiokhae CO. Investigation of the cardioprotective capacity of aqueous extract of Icacina trichantha leaves in rats exposed to CCl₄. J Genet Cell Biol. 2022;6(1):322–8. Available from: https://www.scitcentral.com/article/26/2928/Investigation-of-the-Cardioprotective-Capacity-of-Aqueous-Extract-of-Icacina-Trichanta-Leaves-in-Rats-Exposed-to-CCl4
Abu OD, Ngedaa OS, Osarhenomase EG. Effect of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark on lipid peroxidation index and histological changes in kidneys of normal rats. Forensic Med. 2022;4(2):23–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33545/27074447.2022.v4.i2a.52
Abu OD, Odagwe UB, Ojo AU. Cardiotoxicity of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark in rats. World J Pharm Life Sci. 2022;8(11):34–9. Available from: https://www.wjpls.org/admin/assets/article_issue/86102022/1667196280.pdf
Abu OD, Okuo AV, Osemwota OF. Extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark ameliorate CCl₄-induced oxidative stress in liver of Wistar rats. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2022;46(2):37297–301. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2022.46.007330
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ekugum E. Nephrotoxic evaluation of aqueous stem bark extract of Dialium guineense in normal Wistar rats. J Pharm Bio-Med Sci. 2022;2(9):353–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijpbms/v2-i9-04
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ojo I. Dose response of total saponins isolated from the stem bark of Dialium guineense. J Adv Plant Biol. 2022;1(4):1–6. Available from: https://openaccesspub.org/japb/article/1788
Abu OD, Awhin EP, Iyoha AI, Chukwuma AU. Hepatotoxicity of aqueous extract of Dialium guineense stem bark in rats. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2024;55(2):46902–7. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2024.55.008687
Abu OD, Awhin EP, Ohikhuare F, Osamudiamen EE. Investigation of the biochemical effect of aqueous extract of Dialium guineense stem bark on haematological parameters in rats. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2024;58(1):49990–7. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2024.58.009108
Abu OD, Umar AB, Adekanle E. Cardiotoxic effect of aqueous extract of Dialium guineense stem bark in Wistar rats. East Afr Sch J Agric Life Sci. 2022;5(9):167–72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.36349/easjals.2022.v05i09.002
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ohikhuare F. Nephrotoxic evaluation of ethanol stem bark extract of Dialium guineense in normal Wistar rats. Int J Forensic Med. 2022;4(2):19–22. Available from: https://www.forensicpaper.com/archives/2022.v4.i2.A.51
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ekugum E. Hepatotoxicity of graded doses of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark in Wistar rats. J Pharm Bio-Med Sci. 2022;2(9):347–52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijpbms/v2-i9-03
Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ojo I. Dose response study of aqueous extract of Dialium guineense stem bark. Am J Biomed Sci Res. 2022;15(2):250–2. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/AJBSR.2022.15.002099
Abu OD, Ojo I, Ezike TV. Methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark mitigates STZ-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2023;51(2):42594–600. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2023.51.008085
Abu OD, Umar AB, Ekperusi SE, Ohikhuare F. Assessment of cardiac oxidative status of diabetic Wistar rats exposed to methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2024;57(2):49002–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2024.57.008969
Abu OD, Awhin EP, Iyare HE. Investigation of renal function in diabetic rats treated with methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense (MEDG) stem bark. J Urol Nephrol Stud. 2023;4(4):513–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.32474/JUNS.2023.04.000194
Abu OD, Avenbuan SE, Osarhenomase EG. Oxidative status in diabetic Wistar rats administered ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus whole fruit. Int J Clin Stud Med Case Rep. 2023;30(1):1–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.46998/IJCMCR.2023.30.000727
Abu OD, Okolie NP, Ekperusi SE, Marcel LI. Acute toxicity study of ethanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus leaves in Wistar albino rats. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2024;57(2):49010–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2024.57.008970
Abu OD, Ojo I, Awhin EP. Protective property of ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus on STZ-induced diabetic rat pancreas. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2023;52(2):43613–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2023.52.008233
Abu OD, Awhin EP, Ifekwe JC. Liver function status of diabetic Wistar rats treated with ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus fruit. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2023;51(2):42440–5. Available from: https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.008065.pdf
Abu OD, Awhin EP, Iyare HE. Assessment of renal function in diabetic Wistar rats treated with ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus. Afr J Health Saf Environ. 2023;4(1):101–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v4i1.403
Abu OD, Awhin EP, Ohikhuare F. Effect of methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark on cardiovascular disease risk factors in diabetic rats. J Biol Med. 2023;4(1):128.
Abu OD, Ojo I, Awhin EP, Iyorah I. Methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark reduces oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rat pancreas. Int J Forensic Med. 2024;6(2):12–9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2023.51.008085
Iyoha AI, Onoagbe IO, Abu OD. Effects of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Lonchocarpus cyanocarpus on oxidative status in normal albino Wistar rats. Niger J Life Sci. 2023;13(1 & 2):7–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.52417/njls.v13i1%20&%202.376
Islam MS, Nasrin L, Islam MR, Ahad A, Das BR, Rahman MM, et al. Hematological parameters of Fayoumi, Assil, and local chickens reared in the Sylhet region in Bangladesh. Int J Poult Sci. 2004;3(2):144–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.144.147
Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H, Clozaril Collaborative Study Group, et al. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine/benztropine. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Jul;45(9):789–96. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800330013001
Abu OD, Awhin EP, Ozedu ME. Evaluation of cardiovascular disease risk factors in diabetic rats administered ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus fruit. Afr J Health Saf Environ. 2023;4(1):108–17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v4i1.405