ISSN: 2455-5282

Global Journal of Medical and Clinical Case Reports

Research Article       Open Access      Peer-Reviewed

Levels of Haematological Parameters in Normal Rats after Prolonged Exposure to Aqueous Extract of Dialium guineense Stem Bark

Abu OD1*, Ekugum E2, Ehoche SO3, Ogbe OM4 and Hassan RT4

1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
2Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Edo State Polytechnic, Usen, Edo State, Nigeria
3Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, P.O. Box 2084, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
4Department of Chemistry, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico, USA

Author and article information

*Corresponding author: Abu OD, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, E-mail: osahon.abu@uniben.edu
doi : 10.17352/gjmccr.000224
Received: 06 August, 2025 | Accepted: 22 August, 2025 | Published: 23 August, 2025
Keywords: Blood; Dialium guineense; Haematology; Medicinal plants; Rats

Cite this as

Abu OD, Ekugum E, Ehoche SO, Ogbe OM, Hassan RT. Levels of Haematological Parameters in Normal Rats after Prolonged Exposure to Aqueous Extract of Dialium guineense Stem Bark. Glob J Medical Clin Case Rep. 2025:12(9):188-193. Available from: 10.17352/gjmccr.000224

Copyright License

© 2025 Abu OD, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

Background and objective: Dialium guineense is commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. However, there is limited information regarding its potential hematological toxicity upon prolonged use. This study aimed to evaluate whether long-term administration of aqueous extract of D. guineense (AEDG) stem bark has any effect on the haematological parameters of healthy rats.

Materials and methods: Ten male Wistar rats (150–180 g; mean weight = 165 ± 15 g) were randomly divided into two groups (n = 5 per group): control and observation. The observation group received 1000 mg/kg body weight of AEDG orally for 12 weeks. Haematological parameters were analyzed using a Swelab Autocounter 920E+ (UK). Statistical analysis was performed to compare values between groups, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in red and white blood cell counts, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, or platelet levels between the control and treated groups after 12 weeks. These findings suggest that prolonged administration of AEDG stem bark at the tested dose does not adversely affect blood composition.

Conclusion: The aqueous extract of D. guineense stem bark appears hematologically safe in normal rats at 1000 mg/kg body weight for up to 12 weeks. Further studies are recommended to evaluate potential long-term effects and explore other systemic toxicities.

Indexing and Abstracting

Introduction

The adverse effects produced by pharmaceuticals and environmental/chemical agents have received huge attention in recent times. Making up approximately 7% of the body weight of a typical adult human, the blood aids oxygen delivery to tissues, maintains vascular integrity, and supports immunity. A large number of substances have a direct or indirect effect on blood tissue [1-3]. The effects of hypoxia, hemorrhage, and infection are also remarkable [4]. These effects may be subclinical or acute [5].

At present, the whole world is turning to medicinal plants as sources of therapeutically/pharmacologically active compounds [6-9]. Dialium guineense is a medicinal plant used locally to treat diverse kinds of diseases [10,11]. As a tropical fruit tree of the Leguminosae family, it produces tiny, grape-sized edible fruits that are coated in brown, inedible shells. Found at the southernmost border of the Sahel in Africa, the plant grows in thick woods. The Central African Republic, Sudan, and West Africa are the original homes of this plant. In Nigeria, it is known by different names: “Icheku (Igbo), Awin (Yoruba), Tsamiyarkurm (Hausa), and Amughen (Edo) [11]. Studies have demonstrated that extracts of the plant are rich in phytochemicals and other bioactive compounds [12-30]. Currently, not much is known about the responses of blood components to extracts of the plant. This study aimed to investigate whether prolonged exposure of normal rats to AEDG stem bark can affect the composition of their blood.

Materials and methods

This study was carried out at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, and it lasted five months from the time of materials gathering/literature review to the end of assays (January to May, 2024).

Chemicals and reagents

The chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade, and they were products of Sigma-Aldrich Ltd. (USA).

Collection of plant material

The stems of D. guineense were collected from Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria, and authenticated at the herbarium of the University of Benin, Nigeria, domiciled in the Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (No. UBHD330).

Extract preparation

The plant stem bark was washed and shade-dried at room temperature for 30 days and thereafter pulverized. Exactly 500 g of the ground plant material was macerated in distilled water (5 L) with intermittent stirring for 72 h. The resultant extract was filtered with a muslin cloth and consequently freeze-dried via lyophilization [31-34].

Experimental animals

Male albino rats (Wistar strain, n = 10) weighing between 150 and 180 g (mean weight = 165 ± 15 g) were bought from the Department of Anatomy, University of Benin, Nigeria. The rats were housed in metal cages under standard laboratory conditions (25 oC, 60 ± 5% humidity, and 12-h light/12-h dark cycle). They were acclimatized for fourteen days before commencement of the study, and had free access to feed and water.

Experimental design

The experimental rats were divided into two groups (5 rats/group): control and observation groups. The observation group rats were administered 1000 mg/kg bwt AEDG stem bark orally for 12 weeks.

Haematological analysis

Haematological parameters of rat blood were analysed using the haematological Swe lab auto counter 920E+ (UK) system.

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM, n = 5). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. Mean differences among the groups were compared using the Duncan multiple range test. Statistical significance was assumed at p < 0.05.

Ethical statement

All procedures involving animals were conducted according to international guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals (CPCSEA Guidelines). Ethical clearance was obtained from the Animal Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Nigeria.

Results

Effect of AEDG stem bark on rat weight

As shown in Figure 1, percentage increases in body weight of rats treated with aqueous extract of D. guineense stem bark were significantly and time-dependently increased (p < 0.05).

Figure 1: Body Weight of Rat.

Levels of haematological parameters in normal rats on prolonged exposure to AEDG stem bark

There were no significant differences in the haematological parameters after 12 weeks of exposure to AEDG stem bark (p > 0.05; Figures 2 - 6).  Comparing control vs. test means at 12 weeks, the values were: haemoglobin (Hg) (15.45 ± 0.53 vs. 16.70 ± 0.50 g/100 mL), packed cell volume (PCV) (50.60 ± 2.40 vs. 51.15 ± 2.15%), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (62.55 ± 2.45 vs. 62.25 ± 2.35 fi), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) (19.05 ± 0.57 vs. 20.60 ± 0.10 p.g), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (34.70 ± 2.06 vs. 33.10 ± 1.10 g/dL), red blood cells (RBC) [(8.09 ± 0.40 vs. 8.21 ± 0.03) x 106/µL], white blood cells (WBC) [(9.90 ± 0.71 vs. 11.20 ± 1.40) x 103/µL], granulocytes (GR) [(2.50 ± 0.95 vs. 1.75 ± 0.35) x 103/µL], percentage GR (30.20 ± 8.72 vs. 29.75 ± 0.95%), lymphocytes (LYMPH) [(5.45 ± 0.25 vs. 7.750 ± 0.75) x 103/µL], monocytes (MO) [(1.25 ± 0.15 vs. 1.70 ± 0.30) x 103/µL], percentage lymphocytes (59.00 ± 2.55 vs. 69.50 ± 1.80%), percentage MO (12.35 ± 1.65 vs. 14.75 ± 0.85%), and platelets (PLT) [(6.80 ± 1.01 vs. 7.23.± 2.52) x 105/µL].

Figure 2: Concentrations of Haemoglobin, Packed Cell Volume, and Mean Corpuscular Volume.
Figure 3: Concentrations of Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration, and Red Blood Cell.
Figure 4: White Blood Cells and Granulocyte Concentrations.
Figure 5: Concentrations of Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
Figure 6: Percentage Monocytes and Concentration of Platelets.

Discussion

This study attempted to determine whether prolonged exposure of normal rats to AEDG stem bark can affect the status of their blood. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the concentrations of haematological parameters throughout the 12 weeks, an indication that the medicinal plant extract is not toxic to rat blood at the dose used. A number of studies have demonstrated the relative safety of extracts of D. guineense stem bark [35,36]. In a previous study, it was reported that the extract of D. guineense stem bark was safe at concentrations not exceeding 5000 mg/kg bwt [36,37]. A study revealed that exposure of normal Wistar rats to sub-chronic doses of the plant extract did not elicit any toxic response/effect on their blood, but instead, it activated the immune system of the rats [38]. Its potential in herbal formulation for the treatment of diseases has been stressed [39]. Graded doses of ethanol extract of D. guineense stem bark did not elicit any deleterious effects on liver function indices [40]. In one study involving total saponins isolated from D. guineense stem bark, it was concluded that the isolated phytochemical demonstrated therapeutic effect at a relatively good dose [41]. The graded and quantal dose response curves showed that 1000 mg/kg bwt was effective in reducing the blood glucose of rats (produced the best hypoglycemic effect) [42]. The data indicated that the stem bark extract can potentiate antioxidant defense in diabetic rat liver and heart, as well as ameliorate kidney dysfunction [43-45]. Plants rich in important bioactive compounds have been shown to possess medicinal properties [46-52]. Extracts of D. guineense stem bark have been reported to possess different pharmacological and biological activities [53,54].

The high mitotic rate of blood cells and the direct contact they have with substances administered systemically make them highly susceptible to toxicity [55]. Under normal physiological conditions, red cells, platelets, and neutrophils are synthesized at a very high rate (1 – 3 million/s). The hematopoietic tissue is highly sensitive to the toxic effects of drugs and other agents. Bone marrow impairment or direct damage to blood cells can be life-threatening. The secondary effects are anoxia, infection, and sepsis. These alterations may be dramatic or subtle, and are accompanied by several secondary/compensatory changes in haematopoietic or extra-medullary tissues [3,4].

Haematotoxicity can be evaluated using haematological parameters (haematocrit, haemoglobin, erythrocytes, and white blood cells). The normal ranges of these parameters are altered by exposure to certain toxic compounds. Studies have shown that alterations in haematological parameters by medicinal compounds could either be beneficial or deleterious [56]. The major limitation of this study is that, whereas it lasted 12 weeks, assays were not performed every week to assess weekly variations in measured parameters.

Conclusion

The results obtained in this study suggest that the medicinal plant extract is non-cytotoxic (non-toxic to blood cells) at the dose used and duration of exposure. The extract is relatively safe for use and consumption, as it does not cause harm or damage to blood components.

The results of this study have further given credence to the use of D. guineense in folklore medicine to treat systemic diseases. However, studies aimed at unravelling the precise molecular mechanism(s) underlying the effectiveness of the plant extract in the amelioration of various health conditions are warranted. In addition, attempts should be made to identify and characterize the major class of bioactive compounds in the stem bark extract.

Author’s contribution

Abu OD designed the work and analyzed the data; Ekugum, E., Ogbe, O.M., and Hassan, R.T. conducted the literature search. All the authors performed the experiment and assays, and approved the initial draft of the manuscript.

Significance statement

“This study identified the non-toxic effect of a moderate dose (1000 mg/kg bwt) of aqueous Dialium guineense stem bark extract on haematological indices in rats, which could be beneficial for validating its safe use in traditional medicine. This study will assist researchers in uncovering critical areas of long-term haematological safety and pharmacological profiling that have remained unexplored by many. Consequently, a new theory on the therapeutic window and systemic tolerance of D. guineense extract may be developed.”

References

  1. Collen D, Lijnen HR. Basic and clinical aspects of fibrinolysis and thrombolysis. Blood. 1991 Dec 15;78(12):3114–24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V78.12.3114.3114
  2. Weingand K, Bloom JC, Carakostas M, Hall R, Helfrich M, Latimer K, et al. Clinical pathology testing recommendations for nonclinical toxicity and safety studies. Toxicol Pathol. 1992 May-Jun;20(3):539–43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623392020003217
  3. Kaushansky K. Lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factors. N Engl J Med. 2006 May 11;354(19):2034–45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra052706
  4. Krupp P, Barnes P. Leponex-associated granulocytopenia: A review of the situation. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;99 Suppl:S118–21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00442575
  5. Superling F. Introduction to Toxicity Evaluation Session. Environ Health Perspect. 1979 Dec;32:259. Available from: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.7932259
  6. Walum E. Acute oral toxicity. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Feb;106(2):497–503. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106497
  7. Sandoval M, Okuhama NN, Zhang XJ, Condezo LA, Lao J, Angeles FM, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) are independent of their alkaloid content. Phytomedicine. 2002 Jun;9(4):325–37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00117
  8. Handa SS, Khanuja SPS, Longo G, Rakesh DD. Extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants. Trieste (Italy): International Centre for Science and High Technology; 2008. p. 21–5. Available from: https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2009-10/Extraction_technologies_for_medicinal_and_aromatic_plants_0.pdf
  9. Bero J, Ganfon H, Jonville MC, Frederich M, Gbaguidi F, De MP, et al. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used in Benin in traditional medicine to treat malaria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 May 4;122(3):439–44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.004
  10. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Obahiagbon O. Qualitative phytochemical screening and proximate analysis of Dialium guineense stem bark. IAR J Agric Res Life Sci. 2020;1(4):108–12. Available from: https://iarconsortium.org/iarjals/publications?author=99747#
  11. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Obahiagbon O. Vitamin contents of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2020;30(2):23263–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2020.30.004929
  12. Abu OD, Imafidon KE, Obayuwana HO, Onodje S. Quantitative phytochemical evaluation and phenolic contents of extracts of Citrullus lanatus seed. Int J Bioorg Chem Mol Biol. 2020;7(1):31–5. Available from: https://scidoc.org/articlepdfs/IJBCMB/IJBCMB-2332-2756-07-101.pdf
  13. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Obahiagbon O. Alpha amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark. Int J Clin Biol Biochem. 2020;2(1):7–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33545/26646188.2020.v2.i2a.14
  14. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Osemwenoyenmwen O. Alpha amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of isolated total saponins and tannins of Dialium guineense stem bark. J Cell Mol Biol Res. 2020;1(2):1–3. Available from: https://www.iomcworld.org/abstract/alpha-amylase-and-alpha-glucosidase-inhibitory-activities-of-isolated-total-saponins-and-tannins-of-dialium-guineense-st-55104.html
  15. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO. Acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark. J Bioinnov. 2021;10(2):427–32. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.46344/JBINO.2021.v10i02.02
  16. Abu OD, Imafidon KE, Obayuwana HO. Nephrotoxic and in vivo antioxidant effects of Citrullus lanatus seed extract. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2021;33(5):26281–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2021.33.005473
  17. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ojo I. Determination of effective dose for ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark. J Med Res Case Rep. 2021;3(2):1–4. Available from: https://escientificpublishers.com/determination-of-effective-dose-for-ethanol-extract-of-dialium-guineense-stem-bark-JMRCR-03-0044
  18. Abu OD, Orobator ON, Momodu IB. Investigation of the hepatoprotective effect of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark in Wistar rats exposed to CCl₄. J Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;4(2):123–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.36266/JCGHR/123
  19. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO. Biochemical effect of aqueous extract of Dialium guineense stem bark on oxidative status of normal Wistar rats. Int J Clin Biol Biochem. 2019;1(2):15–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33545/26646188.2019.v1.i2a.10
  20. Abu, O.D., Adeogun, E.F., and Ebhohon, S.O., 2019. Oral LD50 of total saponins and tannins isolated from Dialium guineense stem bark. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 9 (2): 11 – 13. https://french.primescholars.com/abstract/poral-ld50-of-total-saponins-and-tannins-isolated-from-dialium-guineense-stem-barkp-92274.html
  21. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Obahiagbon O. In vitro antioxidant activities of isolated total saponins and tannins of Dialium guineense stem bark. IAR J Med Sci. 2020;1(4):193-9. Available from: https://www.iarconsortium.org/iarjms/161/2789/in-vitro-antioxidant-activities-of-isolated-total-saponins-and-tannins-of-dialium-guineense-stem-bark-115/None
  22. Abu OD, Eromosele AI, Osarhenomase EG. Effect of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark on lipid profile and CCl?-induced histological changes in liver of Wistar rats. Int J Lipids. 2022;1(1):22-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2835-513X.ijl-22-4266
  23. Abu OD, Imafidon KE, Iribhogbe ME. Biochemical effect of aqueous leaf extract of Icacina trichantha Oliv. on urea, creatinine, and kidney oxidative status in CCl?-induced Wistar rats. Niger J Life Sci. 2015;5(1):85-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.52417/njls.v5i1.211
  24. Abu OD, Ezike TV, Ajuwa OI. Cardioprotective property of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark in rats exposed to CCl?. Am J Biomed Sci Res. 2022;16:689-93. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/AJBSR.2022.16.002296
  25. Abu OD, Iyare HE, Ogboi KU. Cardiac oxidative status in CCl?-exposed rats treated with extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark. Glob J Sci Front Res. 2022;22(1):1-6. Available from: https://journalofscience.org/index.php/GJSFR/article/view/102574
  26. Abu OD, Obaze GE, Egili S, Idehen IO. Ethanol extract of C. sativus modulates the activity of glucose 6-phosphatase/aminotransferases and levels of lipids in tissues of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2023;53(4):44989-94. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2023.53.008441
  27. Abu OD, Okuo AV, Egili S, Idehen IO. Methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark may alter the activity of glucose 6-phosphatase/aminotransferases and levels of lipids in tissues of diabetic Wistar rats. Int J Res Sci Innov. 2023;10(12):523-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2023.1012040
  28. Abu OD, Orobator ON, Momodu IB. Evaluation of the effect of total saponins and tannins isolated from Dialium guineense stem bark on CCl?-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Glob J Med Clin Case Rep. 2022;9(3):35-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-5282.000155
  29. Abu OD, Iyare HE, Ogboi KU. Antioxidant property of total saponins and tannins of Dialium guineense stem bark in rats' hearts exposed to CCl?. J Clin Epidemiol Toxicol. 2022;3(3):1-4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/JCET/2022(3)129
  30. Abu OD, Umar AB, Ajuwa OI. Protective property of total saponins and tannins of Dialium guineense stem bark in CCl₄-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. World J Genet Mol Biol. 2022;1(1):1–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25198.08003
  31. Abu OD, Umar AB, Eiremiokhae CO. Investigation of the cardioprotective capacity of aqueous extract of Icacina trichantha leaves in rats exposed to CCl₄. J Genet Cell Biol. 2022;6(1):322–8. Available from: https://www.scitcentral.com/article/26/2928/Investigation-of-the-Cardioprotective-Capacity-of-Aqueous-Extract-of-Icacina-Trichanta-Leaves-in-Rats-Exposed-to-CCl4
  32. Abu OD, Ngedaa OS, Osarhenomase EG. Effect of extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark on lipid peroxidation index and histological changes in kidneys of normal rats. Forensic Med. 2022;4(2):23–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33545/27074447.2022.v4.i2a.52
  33. Abu OD, Odagwe UB, Ojo AU. Cardiotoxicity of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark in rats. World J Pharm Life Sci. 2022;8(11):34–9. Available from: https://www.wjpls.org/admin/assets/article_issue/86102022/1667196280.pdf
  34. Abu OD, Okuo AV, Osemwota OF. Extracts of Dialium guineense stem bark ameliorate CCl₄-induced oxidative stress in liver of Wistar rats. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2022;46(2):37297–301. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2022.46.007330
  35. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ekugum E. Nephrotoxic evaluation of aqueous stem bark extract of Dialium guineense in normal Wistar rats. J Pharm Bio-Med Sci. 2022;2(9):353–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijpbms/v2-i9-04
  36. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ojo I. Dose response of total saponins isolated from the stem bark of Dialium guineense. J Adv Plant Biol. 2022;1(4):1–6. Available from: https://openaccesspub.org/japb/article/1788
  37. Abu OD, Awhin EP, Iyoha AI, Chukwuma AU. Hepatotoxicity of aqueous extract of Dialium guineense stem bark in rats. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2024;55(2):46902–7. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2024.55.008687
  38. Abu OD, Awhin EP, Ohikhuare F, Osamudiamen EE. Investigation of the biochemical effect of aqueous extract of Dialium guineense stem bark on haematological parameters in rats. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2024;58(1):49990–7. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2024.58.009108
  39. Abu OD, Umar AB, Adekanle E. Cardiotoxic effect of aqueous extract of Dialium guineense stem bark in Wistar rats. East Afr Sch J Agric Life Sci. 2022;5(9):167–72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.36349/easjals.2022.v05i09.002
  40. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ohikhuare F. Nephrotoxic evaluation of ethanol stem bark extract of Dialium guineense in normal Wistar rats. Int J Forensic Med. 2022;4(2):19–22. Available from: https://www.forensicpaper.com/archives/2022.v4.i2.A.51
  41. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ekugum E. Hepatotoxicity of graded doses of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark in Wistar rats. J Pharm Bio-Med Sci. 2022;2(9):347–52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijpbms/v2-i9-03
  42. Abu OD, Onoagbe IO, Ojo I. Dose response study of aqueous extract of Dialium guineense stem bark. Am J Biomed Sci Res. 2022;15(2):250–2. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/AJBSR.2022.15.002099
  43. Abu OD, Ojo I, Ezike TV. Methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark mitigates STZ-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2023;51(2):42594–600. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2023.51.008085
  44. Abu OD, Umar AB, Ekperusi SE, Ohikhuare F. Assessment of cardiac oxidative status of diabetic Wistar rats exposed to methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2024;57(2):49002–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2024.57.008969
  45. Abu OD, Awhin EP, Iyare HE. Investigation of renal function in diabetic rats treated with methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense (MEDG) stem bark. J Urol Nephrol Stud. 2023;4(4):513–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.32474/JUNS.2023.04.000194
  46. Abu OD, Avenbuan SE, Osarhenomase EG. Oxidative status in diabetic Wistar rats administered ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus whole fruit. Int J Clin Stud Med Case Rep. 2023;30(1):1–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.46998/IJCMCR.2023.30.000727
  47. Abu OD, Okolie NP, Ekperusi SE, Marcel LI. Acute toxicity study of ethanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus leaves in Wistar albino rats. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2024;57(2):49010–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2024.57.008970
  48. Abu OD, Ojo I, Awhin EP. Protective property of ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus on STZ-induced diabetic rat pancreas. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2023;52(2):43613–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2023.52.008233
  49. Abu OD, Awhin EP, Ifekwe JC. Liver function status of diabetic Wistar rats treated with ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus fruit. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2023;51(2):42440–5. Available from: https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.008065.pdf
  50. Abu OD, Awhin EP, Iyare HE. Assessment of renal function in diabetic Wistar rats treated with ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus. Afr J Health Saf Environ. 2023;4(1):101–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v4i1.403
  51. Abu OD, Awhin EP, Ohikhuare F. Effect of methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark on cardiovascular disease risk factors in diabetic rats. J Biol Med. 2023;4(1):128.
  52. Abu OD, Ojo I, Awhin EP, Iyorah I. Methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark reduces oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rat pancreas. Int J Forensic Med. 2024;6(2):12–9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2023.51.008085
  53. Iyoha AI, Onoagbe IO, Abu OD. Effects of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Lonchocarpus cyanocarpus on oxidative status in normal albino Wistar rats. Niger J Life Sci. 2023;13(1 & 2):7–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.52417/njls.v13i1%20&%202.376
  54. Islam MS, Nasrin L, Islam MR, Ahad A, Das BR, Rahman MM, et al. Hematological parameters of Fayoumi, Assil, and local chickens reared in the Sylhet region in Bangladesh. Int J Poult Sci. 2004;3(2):144–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.144.147
  55. Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H, Clozaril Collaborative Study Group, et al. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine/benztropine. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Jul;45(9):789–96. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800330013001
  56. Abu OD, Awhin EP, Ozedu ME. Evaluation of cardiovascular disease risk factors in diabetic rats administered ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus fruit. Afr J Health Saf Environ. 2023;4(1):108–17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v4i1.405
 

Download as

Order for reprints


Article Alerts

Subscribe to our articles alerts and stay tuned.

Subscribe Now!
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Help ?

Submit your next article Peertechz Publications, also join of our fulfilled creators. Submit a Manuscript

© Peertechz Publications Inc., 10880 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1101, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA